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The Palaeolithic
| Palaeolithic (Old Stone Age) Britain is the period of the earliest known occupation of Britain by man. This huge length of time saw many changes in the environment, encompassing several glacial and interglacial periods which greatly affected human settlement in the region. Providing dating for this distant period of time is difficult and contentious. The inhabitants of the region at this time were bands of hunter-gatherers who roamed all over northern Europe following herds of animals or supported themselves by fishing. Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) analysis suggests that 21% of the maternal lines in modern Britain came in the preglacial period and 51% in the Late Upper Palaeolithic[citation needed]. However, by stark contrast, several studies of the Y-chromosome have shown that a mass migration of 50–100% of English males occurred in the past 2,500 years, most probably during the Anglo-Saxon invasion. For example, the 2002 study: "Y-chromosome evidence for Anglo-Saxon mass migration"[2] and the 2005 study: "The place of the Basques in the European Y-chromosome diversity landscape".[3] Both these studies found that only in Wales was there a significant population of pre-Anglo-Saxon Y-chromosomes and that the English Y-chromosome was indistinguishable from that of Friesland in the Netherlands. Recent (2006) scientific evidence[4] regarding mtDNA sequences from ancient and modern Europe has shown a distinct pattern for the different time periods sampled in the course of the study. Despite some limitations regarding sample sizes the results were found to be non-random. As such, the results indicate that, in addition to populations in Europe expanding from southern refugia after the last glacial maximum (especially the Franco-Cantabrian region), evidence also exists for various northern refugia. Other studies have shown genetic links between the people of the British Isles and Basques. | |
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